Information for NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a key coenzyme that facilitates redox reactions in energy-yielding metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation (Covarrubias et al. 2021). It also serves as an essential co-substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair, epigenetic regulation, and cellular signaling, with levels tightly regulated by biosynthetic and salvage pathways (Li et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2016).

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