What is PT-141?
PT-141, also known as bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of α melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that exerts its activity primarily through melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R, which are expressed in the central nervous system (Rosen et al. 2004; Pfaus et al. 2004). The mechanism of action involves activation of hypothalamic neurons implicated in sexual response pathways, distinguishing PT-141 from peripheral vasodilators or hormone-based agents (Edinoff et al. 2022).
In male clinical subjects, subcutaneous administration of PT-141 demonstrated a dose dependent increase in erectile responses (Rosen et al. 2004). The pharmacokinetic profile revealed that maximum plasma concentrations (C_max) were achieved within approximately 1 hour post-dose, with a half-life ranging from 1.9 to 2.7 hours. Notably, the pharmacodynamic effect was observable at doses as low as 1.0 mg, with enhanced response durations at doses between 4 and 10 mg, confirming central melanocortin-mediated action without the need for peripheral sexual stimulation (Rosen et al. 2004).
Preclinical work in ovariectomized female rats has elucidated the compound’s capacity to enhance appetitive sexual behaviors, such as solicitations, hops, darts, and female-initiated mounting, without altering consummatory behaviors like lordosis (Pfaus et al. 2004). These findings were dose-dependent and observed under various hormone-priming regimens, supporting a specific action on sexual motivation rather than generalized arousal. Importantly, these behavioral changes occurred without effects on locomotion or conditioned sexual reward (Pfaus et al. 2004).
References
Edinoff, A. N., Sanders, N. M., Lewis, K. B., Apgar, T. L., Cornett, E. M., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022). Bremelanotide for treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire. Neurology International, 14(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010006
Pfaus, J. G., Shadiack, A., Van Soest, T., Tse, M., & Molinoff, P. (2004). Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(27), 10201–10204. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400491101
Rosen, R. C., Diamond, L. E., Earle, D. C., Shadiack, A. M., & Molinoff, P. B. (2004). Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra®. International Journal of Impotence Research, 16(3), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200